Vikram Rao, MD, PhD

Assoc Prof of Clin Neurology
Neurology
+1 415 353-2437

Dr. Vikram Rao is a neurologist who specializes in treating patients with epilepsy. He takes a holistic approach to helping patients deal with the challenges of their seizures and works at multiple levels to improve their quality of life. He has a particular interest in utilizing medications, surgery and implanted neurostimulation devices to care for patients with complex epilepsy.

Rao's research involves using direct brain electrical recordings and implanted devices – such as the NeuroPace RNS System for responsive neurostimulation – to better understand how abnormal patterns of brain electrical activity give rise to seizures. He also uses these tools to explore the cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, that are common in epilepsy patients.

Rao earned his medical degree from UCSF, completed his residency at Massachusetts General and Brigham and Women's hospitals, and returned to UCSF for a fellowship in neurology. He served as chief resident in neurology in 2011 and received the Senior Resident Teacher of the Year award in 2012.

Rao is a member of the American Epilepsy Society, American Academy of Neurology and San Francisco Medical Society.

Publications: 

State-dependent effects of responsive neurostimulation depend on seizure localization.

Brain : a journal of neurology

Chiang S, Khambhati AN, Tcheng TK, Loftman AP, Hasulak NR, Mirro EA, Morrell MJ, Rao VR

Hippocampal network activity forecasts epileptic seizures.

Nature medicine

Khambhati AN, Chang EF, Baud MO, Rao VR

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

Sellers KK, Khambhati AN, Stapper N, Fan JM, Rao VR, Scangos KW, Chang EF, Krystal AD

Intracranial electrical stimulation of corticolimbic sites modulates arousal in humans.

Brain stimulation

Fan JM, Lee AM, Sellers KK, Woodworth K, Makhoul GS, Liu TX, Henderson C, Astudillo Maya DA, Martinez R, Zamanian H, Speidel BA, Khambhati AN, Rao VR, Sugrue LP, Scangos KW, Chang EF, Krystal AD

Epileptiform discharges triggered with direct electrical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: Factors that modulate risk and treatment considerations.

Brain stimulation

Fan JM, Khambhati AN, Sellers KK, Stapper N, Maya DA, Kunwar E, Henderson C, Sugrue LP, Scangos KW, Chang EF, Rao VR, Krystal AD

Changes in intracranial neurophysiology associated with acute COVID-19 infection.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology

Sellers KK, Stapper N, Astudillo Maya DA, Henderson C, Khambhati AN, Fan JM, Rao VR, Scangos KW, Chang EF, Krystal AD

Development of a core outcome set for quality of life for adults with drug-resistant epilepsy: A multistakeholder Delphi consensus study.

Epilepsia

Chiang S, Moss R, Stern JM, Hughes I, Josephson SA, Pearce JR, Kopald BE, Patel AD, Rao VR

Intact speech perception after resection of dominant hemisphere primary auditory cortex for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons

Hullett PW, Kandahari N, Shih TT, Kleen JK, Knowlton RC, Rao VR, Chang EF

Network connectivity predicts effectiveness of responsive neurostimulation in focal epilepsy.

Brain communications

Fan JM, Lee AT, Kudo K, Ranasinghe KG, Morise H, Findlay AM, Kirsch HE, Chang EF, Nagarajan SS, Rao VR

Closed-loop neuromodulation in an individual with treatment-resistant depression.

Nature medicine

Scangos KW, Khambhati AN, Daly PM, Makhoul GS, Sugrue LP, Zamanian H, Liu TX, Rao VR, Sellers KK, Dawes HE, Starr PA, Krystal AD, Chang EF

Impact of intellectual and developmental disability on quality-of-life priorities in adults with epilepsy.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B

Chiang S, Moss R, Meskis MA, Vogel-Farley V, Sullivan JE, Patel AD, Rao VR

Long-term brain network reorganization predicts responsive neurostimulation outcomes for focal epilepsy.

Science translational medicine

Khambhati AN, Shafi A, Rao VR, Chang EF

Accuracy of omni-planar and surface casting of epileptiform activity for intracranial seizure localization.

Epilepsia

Kleen JK, Speidel BA, Baud MO, Rao VR, Ammanuel SG, Hamilton LS, Chang EF, Knowlton RC

Evidence for long memory in focal seizure duration.

Epilepsia open

Fan JM, Chiang S, Rao VR

Cues for seizure timing.

Epilepsia

Rao VR, G Leguia M, Tcheng TK, Baud MO

Individualizing the definition of seizure clusters based on temporal clustering analysis.

Epilepsy research

Chiang S, Haut SR, Ferastraoaru V, Rao VR, Baud MO, Theodore WH, Moss R, Goldenholz DM

Sleep disruption is not observed with brain-responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy.

Epilepsia open

Ruoff L, Jarosiewicz B, Zak R, Tcheng TK, Neylan TC, Rao VR

Responsive neurostimulation for regional neocortical epilepsy.

Epilepsia

Ma BB, Fields MC, Knowlton RC, Chang EF, Szaflarski JP, Marcuse LV, Rao VR

Prospective validation study of an epilepsy seizure risk system for outpatient evaluation.

Epilepsia

Chiang S, Goldenholz DM, Moss R, Rao VR, Haneef Z, Theodore WH, Kleen JK, Gavvala J, Vannucci M, Stern JM

Direct Electrical Stimulation of Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex Acutely Improves Mood in Individuals with Symptoms of Depression.

Current biology : CB

Rao VR, Sellers KK, Wallace DL, Lee MB, Bijanzadeh M, Sani OG, Yang Y, Shanechi MM, Dawes HE, Chang EF

An Amygdala-Hippocampus Subnetwork that Encodes Variation in Human Mood.

Cell

Kirkby LA, Luongo FJ, Lee MB, Nahum M, Van Vleet TM, Rao VR, Dawes HE, Chang EF, Sohal VS

Gauging seizure risk.

Neurology

Baud MO, Rao VR

Responsive neurostimulation: Candidates and considerations.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B

Ma BB, Rao VR

Direct electrical stimulation of human cortex evokes high gamma activity that predicts conscious somatosensory perception.

Journal of neural engineering

Muller L, Rolston JD, Fox NP, Knowlton R, Rao VR, Chang EF

Responsive neurostimulation for treatment of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy.

Epilepsy & behavior case reports

Singhal NS, Numis AL, Lee MB, Chang EF, Sullivan JE, Auguste KI, Rao VR

Multi-day rhythms modulate seizure risk in epilepsy.

Nature communications

Baud MO, Kleen JK, Mirro EA, Andrechak JC, King-Stephens D, Chang EF, Rao VR

Chronic ambulatory electrocorticography from human speech cortex.

NeuroImage

Rao VR, Leonard MK, Kleen JK, Lucas BA, Mirro EA, Chang EF

Epilepsy.

Current biology : CB

Rao VR, Lowenstein DH

Clinical approach to posttraumatic epilepsy.

Seminars in neurology

Rao VR, Parko KL

AMPA receptors regulate transcription of the plasticity-related immediate-early gene Arc.

Nature neuroscience

Rao VR, Pintchovski SA, Chin J, Peebles CL, Mitra S, Finkbeiner S

Splice variants of the NR1 subunit differentially induce NMDA receptor-dependent gene expression.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Bradley J, Carter SR, Rao VR, Wang J, Finkbeiner S